Influence of Personal Protective Equipment on Wildland Firefighters' Physiological Response and Performance during the Pack Test.

The Pack Test (PT) is a widely used test to establish readiness for work in wildland firefighting. It is common to perform this test dressed in regular exercise clothing. However, wildland firefighters (WFF) have to wear personal protective equipment (PPE) during their deployments, which increases the physiological strain and reduces their work capacity. This study aimed to analyse the impact of full PPE on PT performance. Nine male professional WFF performed in random order a PT walking at the fastest possible self-pace wearing two different clothing configurations: (i) traditional short sports gear (SG) and (ii) the PPE currently used by Spanish WFF. Heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion and lap time were recorded during the PT. In addition, oxygen uptake (VO2) was estimated through the individual VO2-HR relationship previously obtained during a graded exercise test. There was a significant decrease in the PT performance (i.e., completion time) (~12%, p < 0.05) in PPE. The physiological demands with this configuration were significantly higher (~10%, p < 0.05). WFF spent ~13 min above the anaerobic threshold in PPE vs. ~4 min in SG. A multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that PT performance variation might be explained by the maximal aerobic velocity (84.5%) in PPE and the VO2max (75.9%) in SG. In conclusion, wearing complete PPE increases WFF's physiological strain, which translates into a significant PT performance reduction. Performing the test walking at the fastest possible self-pace wearing the PPE would better reflect the high-intensity effort periods reported in real scenarios.

[Benefits of strength training for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia]. / Beneficios del entrenamiento de fuerza para la prevención y tratamiento de la sarcopenia.

Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by a gradual loss and generalized skeletal muscle mass and strength at risk for adverse outcomes such as physical disability, poor quality of life and mortality. It has several contributing factors: the aging process throughout life, influences on development in the early stages of life, eating sub optimal, bed rest or sedentary lifestyle, chronic diseases and certain drug treatments. Sarcopenia represents a deterioration of health status with a high personal cost: mobility disorders, increased risk of falls and fractures, impaired ability to perform everyday activities, disability, loss of independence and increased risk of death. The strength training is currently one of the most effective methods for combating sarcopenia by stimulating hypertrophy and increase strength. The strength training programs in older people themselves are probably one of the most effective preventive measures to delay the onset of sarcopenia. In this literature review different factors related sarcopenia and strength training as a preventive method is analyzed.

La sarcopenia es un síndrome que se caracteriza por una pérdida gradual y generalizada de la masa muscular esquelética y la fuerza, con riesgo de presentar resultados adversos como discapacidad física, calidad de vida deficiente y mortalidad. Existen varios factores que contribuyen: el proceso de envejecimiento a lo largo de la vida, influencias sobre el desarrollo en las etapas iniciales de la vida, una alimentación inadecuada, el reposo en cama o sedentarismo, enfermedades crónicas y determinados tratamientos farmacológicos. La sarcopenia representa un deterioro del estado de salud con un costo personal elevado: trastornos de la movilidad, mayor riesgo de caídas y fracturas, deterioro de la capacidad de realizar actividades cotidianas, discapacidad, perdida de independencia y mayor riesgo de muerte. El entrenamiento de la fuerza es actualmente uno de los métodos más eficaces para combatir la sarcopenia mediante la estimulación de la hipertrofia e incremento de la fuerza. Los programas de entrenamiento de fuerza en personas mayores probablemente constituyen, por sí mismos, una de las medidas preventivas más eficaces para retrasar la aparición de sarcopenia. En la presente revisión bibliográfica se analizarán diferentes factores relacionados con la sarcopenia y el entrenamiento de la fuerza como método preventivo.

Beneficios del entrenamiento de fuerza para la prevención y tratamiento de la sarcopenia / Benefits of strength training for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia

La sarcopenia es un síndrome que se caracteriza por una pérdida gradual y generalizada de la masa muscular esquelética y la fuerza, con riesgo de presentar resultados adversos como discapacidad física, calidad de vida deficiente y mortalidad. Existen varios factores que contribuyen: el proceso de envejecimiento a lo largo de la vida, influencias sobre el desarrollo en las etapas iniciales de la vida, una alimentación inadecuada, el reposo en cama o sedentarismo, enfermedades crónicas y determinados tratamientos farmacológicos. La sarcopenia representa un deterioro del estado de salud con un costo personal elevado: trastornos de la movilidad, mayor riesgo de caídas y fracturas, deterioro de la capacidad de realizar actividades cotidianas, discapacidad, perdida de independencia y mayor riesgo de muerte. El entrenamiento de la fuerza es actualmente uno de los métodos más eficaces para combatir la sarcopenia mediante la estimulación de la hipertrofia e incremento de la fuerza. Los programas de entrenamiento de fuerza en personas mayores probablemente constituyen, por sí mismos, una de las medidas preventivas más eficaces para retrasar la aparición de sarcopenia. En la presente revisión bibliográfica se analizarán diferentes factores relacionados con la sarcopenia y el entrenamiento de la fuerza como método preventivo (AU)

Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by a gradual loss and generalized skeletal muscle mass and strength at risk for adverse outcomes such as physical disability, poor quality of life and mortality. It has several contributing factors: the aging process throughout life, influences on development in the early stages of life, eating sub optimal, bed rest or sedentary lifestyle, chronic diseases and certain drug treatments. Sarcopenia represents a deterioration of health status with a high personal cost: mobility disorders, increased risk of falls and fractures, impaired ability to perform everyday activities, disability, loss of independence and increased risk of death. The strength training is currently one of the most effective methods for combating sarcopenia by stimulating hypertrophy and increase strength. The strength training programs in older people themselves are probably one of the most effective preventive measures to delay the onset of sarcopenia. In this literature review different factors related sarcopenia and strength training as a preventive method is analyzed (AU)

[Nutritional study of a third division soccer team]. / Estudio nutricional de un equipo de fútbol de tercera división.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nutritional habits and attitudes of a semiprofessional soccer team. METHOD: Nutritional study of 21 semiprofessional soccer players (18-35 years) by analyzing the daily energy intake and expenditure also the distribution of macro and micro-nutrients, differentiated type of day (normal, training or competition). RESULTS: The energy balance is negative in the three days studied (- 31%, - 38% and -31% respectively). There were significant differences in caloric intake between the day of competition, a normal day and a day of training. These differences are observed both in absolute values (2,438 kcal vs 2,127 y 2,221 kcal respectively) as referring to body weight (30.5 kcal/kg vs 27 y 28 kcal/kg respectively). Regarding macronutrient intake, the samples eat a diet with an insufficient amount of carbohydrates (328 g vs 371 and 540 g recommended in function of physical activity). There were no significant differences in the composition of micronutrients. CONCLUSIONS: The football players studied show a negative energy balance with a diet low in carbohydrates. This poor nutritional status may interfere with the development of their sporting performance and, ultimately, increase the risk of lesions. This implies the need for design and implementation of a diet and introducing nutritional education programs for these athletes.

Objetivo: Analizar los hábitos y actitudes nutricionales de un equipo de fútbol semiprofesional. Método: Se realizó el estudio nutricional de 21 jugadores semiprofesionales de fútbol (18-35 AÑOs) analizando la ingesta y gasto energético diario así como la distribución de los macro- y micronutrientes diferenciado el tipo de día (normal, entrenamiento y competición). Resultados: El balance energético es negativo en los tres días estudiados (-31%; -38 % y 31-% respectivamente). Se observan diferencias significativas en la ingesta calórica el día de la competición respecto al día normal y al de entrenamiento tanto en valores absolutos (2.438 kcal vs 2.127 y 2.221 kcal respectivamente) como referida al peso corporal (30,5 kcal/kg vs 27 y 28 kcal/kg respectivamente). Con respecto a la ingesta de macronutrientes la muestra ingiere una dieta con una cantidad insuficiente de hidratos de carbono (328 g vs 371 y 540 g recomendados según actividad física). No se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en la composición de micronutrientes Conclusiones: Los jugadores de fútbol estudiados presentan un balance energético negativo con una dieta pobre en hidratos de carbono. Este estado nutricional deficiente puede interferir en el desarrollo de su prestación deportiva y a la larga incrementar el riesgo de lesiones. Esto implica la necesidad de realizar un diseño e implementación de la dieta y la introducción de programas de educación nutricional para este tipo de deportistas.

[Functional properties and health benefits of lycopene]. / Propiedades funcionales y beneficios para la salud del licopeno.

INTRODUCTION: Lycopene is a carotenoid, which is found mainly in tomatoes, retains its functional properties after processing, is not toxic and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and chemotherapeutics effects in cardiovascular or neurodegenerative diseases and in some cancers. However, it seems that its intake through the diet is inadequate. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to highlight the properties of lycopene and provide recommendations to improve its health benefits. METHODS: We performed a literature review related to the topic through Pub Med database. RESULTS: The WHO and national governments promote through food guides the daily consumption of 400 g of fruits and vegetables because of their contain in antioxidants including lycopene. Lycopene intake widely varies, with an average consumption between 5 and 7 mg/day. Controversy arises from the ranger of figures between different studies and the fact that there is no recommended amount, precluding comparisons of national and international level and the establishment of policies and strategies to ensure its consumption. CONCLUSION: Lycopene intake can be seen as a preventive measure and non pharmacological therapy for different types of diseases, but the work of professionals in nutrition and health is required to increase its intake through food education and to propose daily intakes from results of scientific research.

Introducción: El licopeno es un carotenoide que se encuentra principalmente en el tomate, conserva sus propiedades funcionales después de ser procesado, no presenta toxicidad y posee efectos antioxidantes, antiinflamatorios y quimioterapéuticos sobre las enfermedades cardiovasculares, neurodegenerativas y algunos tipos de cáncer. Sin embargo, parece que su consumo a través de la dieta es insuficiente. Objetivo: El objetivo de la presente revisión es destacar las propiedades del licopeno y las recomendaciones para su aprovechamiento en beneficio de la salud. Métodos: Se realizó la revisión bibliográfica relacionada con el tema a través de la base de datos Pub Med. Resultados: La OMS y los gobiernos nacionales promueven a través de las guías alimentarias el consumo diario de 400 g de frutas y verduras por su contenido en sustancias antioxidantes entre ellas el licopeno. La ingesta de licopeno es muy variada con un consumo promedio entre 5 y 7 mg/día. Esta cifra causa controversia debido a que los diferentes estudios presentan grandes diferencias y no existe una cantidad recomendada, lo que impide hacer comparaciones de nivel nacional e internacional y establecer políticas y estrategias que aseguren su consumo. Conclusión: La ingesta de licopeno puede considerarse como una medida preventiva y terapéutica no farmacológica para diferentes tipos de enfermedades, pero se requiere el trabajo de los profesionales de la nutrición y la salud para incrementar su consumo a través de la educación alimentaria y proponer a partir de los resultados de investigaciones científicas sus niveles de ingesta diaria.

Estudio nutricional de un equipo de fútbol de tercera división / Nutritional study of a third division soccer team

Objetivo: Analizar los hábitos y actitudes nutricionales de un equipo de fútbol semiprofesional. Método: Se realizó el estudio nutricional de 21 jugadores semiprofesionales de fútbol (18-35 años) analizando la ingesta y gasto energético diario así como la distribución de los macro- y micronutrientes diferenciado el tipo de día (normal, entrenamiento y competición). Resultados: El balance energético es negativo en los tres días estudiados (-31%; -38 % y 31-% respectivamente). Se observan diferencias significativas en la ingesta calórica el día de la competición respecto al día normal y al de entrenamiento tanto en valores absolutos (2.438 kcal vs 2.127 y 2.221 kcal respectivamente) como referida al peso corporal (30,5 kcal/kg vs 27 y 28 kcal/kg respectivamente). Con respecto a la ingesta de macronutrientes la muestra ingiere una dieta con una cantidad insuficiente de hidratos de carbono (328 g vs 371 y 540 g recomendados según actividad física). No se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en la composición de micronutrientes. Conclusiones: Los jugadores de fútbol estudiados presentan un balance energético negativo con una dieta pobre en hidratos de carbono. Este estado nutricional deficiente puede interferir en el desarrollo de su prestación deportiva y a la larga incrementar el riesgo de lesiones. Esto implica la necesidad de realizar un diseño e implementación de la dieta y la introducción de programas de educación nutricional para este tipo de deportistas (AU)

Objective: To analyze the nutritional habits and attitudes of a semiprofessional soccer team. Method: Nutritional study of 21 semiprofessional soccer players (18-35 years) by analyzing the daily energy intake and expenditure also the distribution of macro and micronutrients, differentiated type of day (normal, training or competition). Results: The energy balance is negative in the three days studied (- 31%, - 38% and -31% respectively). There were significant differences in caloric intake between the day of competition, a normal day and a day of training. These differences are observed both in absolute values (2,438 kcal vs 2,127 y 2,221 kcal respectively) as referring to body weight (30.5 kcal/kg vs 27 y 28 kcal/kg respectively). Regarding macronutrient intake, the samples eat a diet with an insufficient amount of carbohydrates (328 g vs 371 and 540 g recommended in function of physical activity). There were no significant differences in the composition of micronutrients. Conclusions: The football players studied show a negative energy balance with a diet low in carbohydrates. This poor nutritional status may interfere with the development of their sporting performance and, ultimately, increase the risk of lesions. This implies the need for design and implementation of a diet and introducing nutritional education programs for these athletes (AU)

Propiedades funcionales y beneficios para la salud del licopeno / Functional properties and health benefits of lycopene

Introducción: El licopeno es un carotenoide que se encuentra principalmente en el tomate, conserva sus propiedades funcionales después de ser procesado, no presenta toxicidad y posee efectos antioxidantes, antiinflamatorios y quimioterapéuticos sobre las enfermedades cardiovasculares, neurodegenerativas y algunos tipos de cáncer. Sin embargo, parece que su consumo a través de la dieta es insuficiente. Objetivo: El objetivo de la presente revisión es destacar las propiedades del licopeno y las recomendaciones para su aprovechamiento en beneficio de la salud. Métodos: Se realizó la revisión bibliográfica relacionada con el tema a través de la base de datos Pub Med. Resultados: La OMS y los gobiernos nacionales promueven a través de las guías alimentarias el consumo diario de 400 g de frutas y verduras por su contenido en sustancias antioxidantes entre ellas el licopeno. La ingesta de licopeno es muy variada con un consumo promedio entre 5 y 7 mg/día. Esta cifra causa controversia debido a que los diferentes estudios presentan grandes diferencias y no existe una cantidad recomendada, lo que impide hacer comparaciones de nivel nacional e internacional y establecer políticas y estrategias que aseguren su consumo. Conclusión: La ingesta de licopeno puede considerarse como una medida preventiva y terapéutica no farmacológica para diferentes tipos de enfermedades, pero se requiere el trabajo de los profesionales de la nutrición y la salud para incrementar su consumo a través de la educación alimentaria y proponer a partir de los resultados de investigaciones científicas sus niveles de ingesta diaria (AU)

Introduction: Lycopene is a carotenoid, which is found mainly in tomatoes, retains its functional properties after processing, is not toxic and has antioxidant, antiinflammatory and chemotherapeutics effects in cardiovascular or neurodegenerative diseases and in some cancers. However, it seems that its intake through the diet is inadequate. Objective: The objective of this review is to highlight the properties of lycopene and provide recommendations to improve its health benefits. Methods: We performed a literature review related to the topic through Pub Med database. Results: The WHO and national governments promote through food guides the daily consumption of 400 g of fruits and vegetables because of their contain in antioxidants including lycopene. Lycopene intake widely varies, with an average consumption between 5 and 7 mg/day. Controversy arises from the ranger of figures between different studies and the fact that there is no recommended amount, precluding comparisons of national and international level and the establishment of policies and strategies to ensure its consumption. Conclusion: Lycopene intake can be seen as a preventive measure and non pharmacological therapy for different types of diseases, but the work of professionals in nutrition and health is required to increase its intake through food education and to propose daily intakes from results of scientific research (AU)

Efecto del ejercicio agudo sobre la expresión del receptor tipo Toll-4 y los mecanismos inflamatorios en corazón de rata / Effect of an acute exercise bout on Toll-like receptor 4 and inflammatory mechanisms in rat hear

Background: Toll like receptor 4 (TLR-4) is a protein located in the cell membrane with an important function in the immune response of the organism. Its activation decreases heart contractility and activates nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kB ). This in turn, increases the synthesis of different pro-inflammatory cytokines and the inducible enzyme nitric oxide (iNOS), which plays an important role in the inflammatory processes when nitric oxide production is enhanced. Aim: To determine if, after one session of acute exercise, expression of TLR-4 and iNOS, and activation of NF-kB are induced in rat cardiac tissue. Material and Methods: Exercise and control groups of eight male Wistar rats each, were studied. The exercise group was subjected to an acute exercise bout lasting one hour. After the exercise, the heart was excised to measure the expression of iNOS and TLR-4 genes by quantitative polyme-rase chain reaction, NF-kB activation by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and p50 by Western blot. Results: After exercise, there was an increase in TLR-4 and of iNOS mRNA levels (+46.7 and +74.3% respectively). NF-kB activation and the nuclear expression of its p50 subunit also increased significantly (+240 and +306% respectively). Conclusions: Increased expression of TLR4 following a session of acute exercise may contribute to the activation of the NF-kB signaling route, promoting the synthesis of nitric oxide, which could influence negatively the cardiac response to high intensity physical exercise.

[Effect of an acute exercise bout on Toll-like receptor 4 and inflammatory mechanisms in rat heart]. / Efecto del ejercicio agudo sobre la expresión del receptor tipo Toll-4 y los mecanismos inflamatorios en corazón de rata.

BACKGROUND: Toll like receptor 4 (TLR-4) is a protein located in the cell membrane with an important function in the immune response of the organism. Its activation decreases heart contractility and activates nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kB ). This in turn, increases the synthesis of different pro-inflammatory cytokines and the inducible enzyme nitric oxide (iNOS), which plays an important role in the inflammatory processes when nitric oxide production is enhanced. AIM: To determine if, after one session of acute exercise, expression of TLR-4 and iNOS, and activation of NF-kB are induced in rat cardiac tissue. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Exercise and control groups of eight male Wistar rats each, were studied. The exercise group was subjected to an acute exercise bout lasting one hour. After the exercise, the heart was excised to measure the expression of iNOS and TLR-4 genes by quantitative polyme-rase chain reaction, NF-kB activation by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and p50 by Western blot. RESULTS: After exercise, there was an increase in TLR-4 and of iNOS mRNA levels (+46.7 and +74.3% respectively). NF-kB activation and the nuclear expression of its p50 subunit also increased significantly (+240 and +306% respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Increased expression of TLR4 following a session of acute exercise may contribute to the activation of the NF-kB signaling route, promoting the synthesis of nitric oxide, which could influence negatively the cardiac response to high intensity physical exercise.